Bitstream conformance for intra block copy

ABSTRACT

In a method of video encoding, a block vector of a current block of a current picture that is to be coded in intra block copy (IBC) mode is determined. The block vector points to a reference block of the current block in the current picture. The current block is encoded based on the block vector. A first modulo operation is performed on an x component of the block vector and a second modulo operation is performed on a y component of the block vector. The second modulo operation is different from the first modulo operation.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.17/940,986, “BLOCK VECTOR MODIFICATION FOR INTRA BLOCK COPY”, filed onSep. 8, 2022, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.17/314,701, “CONVERSION OF DECODED BLOCK VECTOR FOR INTRA PICTURE BLOCKCOMPENSATION”, filed on May 7, 2021, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,509,911, whichis a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/860,975, “CONVERSIONOF DECODED BLOCK VECTOR FOR INTRA PICTURE BLOCK COMPENSATION”, filed onApr. 28, 2020, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,070,816, which claims the benefit ofpriority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/863,037, “CONVERSION OFDECODED BLOCK VECTOR FOR INTRA PICTURE BLOCK COMPENSATION”, filed onJun. 18, 2019. The disclosures of the prior applications are herebyincorporated by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure describes embodiments generally related to videocoding.

BACKGROUND

The background description provided herein is for the purpose ofgenerally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of thepresently named inventors, to the extent the work is described in thisbackground section, as well as aspects of the description that may nototherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neitherexpressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the presentdisclosure.

Video coding and decoding can be performed using inter-pictureprediction with motion compensation. Uncompressed digital video caninclude a series of pictures, each picture having a spatial dimensionof, for example, 1920×1080 luminance samples and associated chrominancesamples. The series of pictures can have a fixed or variable picturerate (informally also known as frame rate), of, for example 60 picturesper second or 60 Hz. Uncompressed video has significant bitraterequirements. For example, 1080p60 4:2:0 video at 8 bit per sample(1920×1080 luminance sample resolution at 60 Hz frame rate) requiresclose to 1.5 Gbit/s bandwidth. An hour of such video requires more than600 GBytes of storage space.

One purpose of video coding and decoding can be the reduction ofredundancy in the input video signal, through compression. Compressioncan help reduce the aforementioned bandwidth or storage spacerequirements, in some cases by two orders of magnitude or more. Bothlossless and lossy compression, as well as a combination thereof can beemployed. Lossless compression refers to techniques where an exact copyof the original signal can be reconstructed from the compressed originalsignal. When using lossy compression, the reconstructed signal may notbe identical to the original signal, but the distortion between originaland reconstructed signals is small enough to make the reconstructedsignal useful for the intended application. In the case of video, lossycompression is widely employed. The amount of distortion tolerateddepends on the application; for example, users of certain consumerstreaming applications may tolerate higher distortion than users oftelevision distribution applications. The compression ratio achievablecan reflect that: higher allowable/tolerable distortion can yield highercompression ratios.

A video encoder and decoder can utilize techniques from several broadcategories, including, for example, motion compensation, transform,quantization, and entropy coding.

Video codec technologies can include techniques known as intra coding.In intra coding, sample values are represented without reference tosamples or other data from previously reconstructed reference pictures.In some video codecs, the picture is spatially subdivided into blocks ofsamples. When all blocks of samples are coded in intra mode, thatpicture can be an intra picture. Intra pictures and their derivationssuch as independent decoder refresh pictures, can be used to reset thedecoder state and can, therefore, be used as the first picture in acoded video bitstream and a video session, or as a still image. Thesamples of an intra block can be exposed to a transform, and thetransform coefficients can be quantized before entropy coding. Intraprediction can be a technique that minimizes sample values in thepre-transform domain. In some cases, the smaller the DC value after atransform is, and the smaller the AC coefficients are, the fewer thebits that are required at a given quantization step size to representthe block after entropy coding.

Traditional intra coding such as known from, for example MPEG-2generation coding technologies, does not use intra prediction. However,some newer video compression technologies include techniques thatattempt, from, for example, surrounding sample data and/or metadataobtained during the encoding/decoding of spatially neighboring, andpreceding in decoding order, blocks of data. Such techniques arehenceforth called “intra prediction” techniques. Note that in at leastsome cases, intra prediction is only using reference data from thecurrent picture under reconstruction and not from reference pictures.

There can be many different forms of intra prediction. When more thanone of such techniques can be used in a given video coding technology,the technique in use can be coded in an intra prediction mode. Incertain cases, modes can have submodes and/or parameters, and those canbe coded individually or included in the mode codeword. Which codewordto use for a given mode/submode/parameter combination can have an impactin the coding efficiency gain through intra prediction, and so can theentropy coding technology used to translate the codewords into abitstream.

A certain mode of intra prediction was introduced with H.264, refined inH.265, and further refined in newer coding technologies such as jointexploration model (JEM), versatile video coding (VVC), and benchmark set(BMS). A predictor block can be formed using neighboring sample valuesbelonging to already available samples. Sample values of neighboringsamples are copied into the predictor block according to a direction. Areference to the direction in use can be coded in the bitstream or mayitself be predicted.

Motion compensation can be a lossy compression technique and can relateto techniques where a block of sample data from a previouslyreconstructed picture or part thereof (reference picture), after beingspatially shifted in a direction indicated by a motion vector (MVhenceforth), is used for the prediction of a newly reconstructed pictureor picture part. In some cases, the reference picture can be the same asthe picture currently under reconstruction. MVs can have two dimensionsX and Y, or three dimensions, the third being an indication of thereference picture in use (the latter, indirectly, can be a timedimension).

In some video compression techniques, an MV applicable to a certain areaof sample data can be predicted from other MVs, for example from thoserelated to another area of sample data spatially adjacent to the areaunder reconstruction, and preceding that MV in decoding order. Doing socan substantially reduce the amount of data required for coding the MV,thereby removing redundancy and increasing compression. MV predictioncan work effectively, for example, because when coding an input videosignal derived from a camera (known as natural video) there is astatistical likelihood that areas larger than the area to which a singleMV is applicable move in a similar direction and, therefore, can in somecases be predicted using a similar motion vector derived from MVs ofneighboring area. That results in the MV found for a given area to besimilar or the same as the MV predicted from the surrounding MVs, andthat in turn can be represented, after entropy coding, in a smallernumber of bits than what would be used if coding the MV directly. Insome cases, MV prediction can be an example of lossless compression of asignal (namely: the MVs) derived from the original signal (namely: thesample stream). In other cases, MV prediction itself can be lossy, forexample because of rounding errors when calculating a predictor fromseveral surrounding MVs.

Various MV prediction mechanisms are described in H.265/HEVC (ITU-T Rec.H.265, “High Efficiency Video Coding”, December 2016). Out of the manyMV prediction mechanisms that H.265 offers, described herein is atechnique henceforth referred to as “spatial merge.”

Referring to FIG. 1 , a current block (101) comprises samples that havebeen found by the encoder during the motion search process to bepredictable from a previous block of the same size that has beenspatially shifted. Instead of coding that MV directly, the MV can bederived from metadata associated with one or more reference pictures,for example from the most recent (in decoding order) reference picture,using the MV associated with either one of five surrounding samples,denoted A0, A1, and B0, B1, B2 (102 through 106, respectively). InH.265, the MV prediction can use predictors from the same referencepicture that the neighboring block is using.

SUMMARY

Aspects of the disclosure provide methods and apparatuses for videocoding at a decoder. In an embodiment, a method of video coding at adecoder is provided. In the method, a coded video bitstream including acurrent picture is received. A determination is made as to whether acurrent block in a current coding tree unit (CTU) included in thecurrent picture is coded in intra block copy (IBC) mode based on a flagincluded in the coded video bitstream. In response to the current blockbeing determined as coded in IBC mode, a block vector that points to afirst reference block of the current block is determined; an operationis performed on the block vector so that when the first reference blockis not fully reconstructed or not within a valid search range of thecurrent block, the block vector is modified to point to a secondreference block that is in a fully reconstructed region and within thevalid search range of the current block; and the current block isdecoded based on the modified block vector.

In an embodiment, the fully reconstructed region and the current blockare in the same tile, slice, or tile group;

In an embodiment, the performing the operation includes performing amodulo operation on each of an x component and a y component of theblock vector based on a size of the current CTU.

In an embodiment, the performing the operation includes performing amodulo operation on an x component of the block vector based on amultiple of a size of the current CTU. The operation further includesperforming a modulo operation on a y component of the block vector basedon the size of the current CTU

In an embodiment, the performing the operation modifies the block vectoronly when the first reference block is not fully reconstructed or notwithin the valid search range of the current block.

In an embodiment, the performing the operation does not modify the blockvector when the first reference block is fully reconstructed and withinthe valid search range of the current block.

In an embodiment, the valid search range of the current block includesthe current CTU.

In an embodiment, the performing the operation modifies the block suchthat an offset of the first reference block relative to a CTU includingthe first reference block is the same of an offset of the secondreference block relative to the current CTU.

In an embodiment, the performing the operation includes clipping theblock vector so that the clipped block vector points to the secondreference block that is at a boundary of the valid search range of thecurrent block when the first reference block is not fully reconstructedor not within the valid search range of the current block.

Aspects of the disclosure provide apparatuses configured to perform anyof the above methods.

Aspects of the disclosure also provide non-transitory computer-readablestorage mediums storing instructions which when executed by a computercause the computer to perform any of the above methods.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further features, the nature, and various advantages of the disclosedsubject matter will be more apparent from the following detaileddescription and the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a current block and itssurrounding spatial merge candidates in one example.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a simplified block diagram of acommunication system in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a simplified block diagram of acommunication system in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a simplified block diagram of adecoder in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of a simplified block diagram of anencoder in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of an encoder in accordance with anotherembodiment.

FIG. 7 shows a block diagram of a decoder in accordance with anotherembodiment.

FIG. 8 shows an example of intra picture block (IBC) based compensationin accordance with an embodiment.

FIGS. 9A-9D show examples of IBC-based compensation in accordance withsome embodiments.

FIG. 10 shows an example of spatial merge candidates in accordance withan embodiment.

FIG. 11 shows a flow chart outlining a decoding process in accordancewith an embodiment.

FIG. 12 is a schematic illustration of a computer system in accordancewith an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

I. Video Coding Encoder and Decoder

FIG. 2 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a communication system(200) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Thecommunication system (200) includes a plurality of terminal devices thatcan communicate with each other, via, for example, a network (250). Forexample, the communication system (200) includes a first pair ofterminal devices (210) and (220) interconnected via the network (250).In the FIG. 2 example, the first pair of terminal devices (210) and(220) performs unidirectional transmission of data. For example, theterminal device (210) may code video data (e.g., a stream of videopictures that are captured by the terminal device (210)) fortransmission to the other terminal device (220) via the network (250).The encoded video data can be transmitted in the form of one or morecoded video bitstreams. The terminal device (220) may receive the codedvideo data from the network (250), decode the coded video data torecover the video pictures and display video pictures according to therecovered video data. Unidirectional data transmission may be common inmedia serving applications and the like.

In another example, the communication system (200) includes a secondpair of terminal devices (230) and (240) that performs bidirectionaltransmission of coded video data that may occur, for example, duringvideoconferencing. For bidirectional transmission of data, in anexample, each terminal device of the terminal devices (230) and (240)may code video data (e.g., a stream of video pictures that are capturedby the terminal device) for transmission to the other terminal device ofthe terminal devices (230) and (240) via the network (250). Eachterminal device of the terminal devices (230) and (240) also may receivethe coded video data transmitted by the other terminal device of theterminal devices (230) and (240), and may decode the coded video data torecover the video pictures and may display video pictures at anaccessible display device according to the recovered video data.

In the FIG. 2 example, the terminal devices (210), (220), (230) and(240) may be illustrated as servers, personal computers and smart phonesbut the principles of the present disclosure may be not so limited.Embodiments of the present disclosure find application with laptopcomputers, tablet computers, media players and/or dedicated videoconferencing equipment. The network (250) represents any number ofnetworks that convey coded video data among the terminal devices (210),(220), (230) and (240), including for example wireline (wired) and/orwireless communication networks. The communication network (250) mayexchange data in circuit-switched and/or packet-switched channels.Representative networks include telecommunications networks, local areanetworks, wide area networks and/or the Internet. For the purposes ofthe present discussion, the architecture and topology of the network(250) may be immaterial to the operation of the present disclosureunless explained herein below.

FIG. 3 illustrates, as an example for an application for the disclosedsubject matter, the placement of a video encoder and a video decoder ina streaming environment. The disclosed subject matter can be equallyapplicable to other video enabled applications, including, for example,video conferencing, digital TV, storing of compressed video on digitalmedia including CD, DVD, memory stick and the like, and so on.

A streaming system may include a capture subsystem (313), that caninclude a video source (301), for example a digital camera, creating forexample a stream of video pictures (302) that are uncompressed. In anexample, the stream of video pictures (302) includes samples that aretaken by the digital camera. The stream of video pictures (302),depicted as a bold line to emphasize a high data volume when compared toencoded video data (304) (or coded video bitstreams), can be processedby an electronic device (320) that includes a video encoder (303)coupled to the video source (301). The video encoder (303) can includehardware, software, or a combination thereof to enable or implementaspects of the disclosed subject matter as described in more detailbelow. The encoded video data (304) (or encoded video bitstream (304)),depicted as a thin line to emphasize the lower data volume when comparedto the stream of video pictures (302), can be stored on a streamingserver (305) for future use. One or more streaming client subsystems,such as client subsystems (306) and (308) in FIG. 3 can access thestreaming server (305) to retrieve copies (307) and (309) of the encodedvideo data (304). A client subsystem (306) can include a video decoder(310), for example, in an electronic device (330). The video decoder(310) decodes the incoming copy (307) of the encoded video data andcreates an outgoing stream of video pictures (311) that can be renderedon a display (312) (e.g., display screen) or other rendering device (notdepicted). In some streaming systems, the encoded video data (304),(307), and (309) (e.g., video bitstreams) can be encoded according tocertain video coding/compression standards. Examples of those standardsinclude ITU-T Recommendation H.265. In an example, a video codingstandard under development is informally known as Versatile Video Coding(VVC). The disclosed subject matter may be used in the context of VVC.

It is noted that the electronic devices (320) and (330) can includeother components (not shown). For example, the electronic device (320)can include a video decoder (not shown) and the electronic device (330)can include a video encoder (not shown) as well.

FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of a video decoder (410) according to anembodiment of the present disclosure. The video decoder (410) can beincluded in an electronic device (430). The electronic device (430) caninclude a receiver (431) (e.g., receiving circuitry). The video decoder(410) can be used in the place of the video decoder (310) in the FIG. 3example.

The receiver (431) may receive one or more coded video sequences to bedecoded by the video decoder (410); in the same or another embodiment,one coded video sequence at a time, where the decoding of each codedvideo sequence is independent from other coded video sequences. Thecoded video sequence may be received from a channel (401), which may bea hardware/software link to a storage device which stores the encodedvideo data. The receiver (431) may receive the encoded video data withother data, for example, coded audio data and/or ancillary data streams,that may be forwarded to their respective using entities (not depicted).The receiver (431) may separate the coded video sequence from the otherdata. To combat network jitter, a buffer memory (415) may be coupled inbetween the receiver (431) and an entropy decoder/parser (420) (“parser(420)” henceforth). In certain applications, the buffer memory (415) ispart of the video decoder (410). In others, it can be outside of thevideo decoder (410) (not depicted). In still others, there can be abuffer memory (not depicted) outside of the video decoder (410), forexample to combat network jitter, and in addition another buffer memory(415) inside the video decoder (410), for example to handle playouttiming. When the receiver (431) is receiving data from a store/forwarddevice of sufficient bandwidth and controllability, or from anisosynchronous network, the buffer memory (415) may not be needed, orcan be small. For use on best effort packet networks such as theInternet, the buffer memory (415) may be required, can be comparativelylarge and can be advantageously of adaptive size, and may at leastpartially be implemented in an operating system or similar elements (notdepicted) outside of the video decoder (410).

The video decoder (410) may include the parser (420) to reconstructsymbols (421) from the coded video sequence. Categories of those symbolsinclude information used to manage operation of the video decoder (410),and potentially information to control a rendering device such as arender device (412) (e.g., a display screen) that is not an integralpart of the electronic device (430) but can be coupled to the electronicdevice (430), as was shown in FIG. 4 . The control information for therendering device(s) may be in the form of Supplemental EnhancementInformation (SEI messages) or Video Usability Information (VUI)parameter set fragments (not depicted). The parser (420) mayparse/entropy-decode the coded video sequence that is received. Thecoding of the coded video sequence can be in accordance with a videocoding technology or standard, and can follow various principles,including variable length coding, Huffman coding, arithmetic coding withor without context sensitivity, and so forth. The parser (420) mayextract from the coded video sequence, a set of subgroup parameters forat least one of the subgroups of pixels in the video decoder, based uponat least one parameter corresponding to the group. Subgroups can includeGroups of Pictures (GOPs), pictures, tiles, slices, macroblocks, CodingUnits (CUs), blocks, Transform Units (TUs), Prediction Units (PUs) andso forth. The parser (420) may also extract from the coded videosequence information such as transform coefficients, quantizer parametervalues, motion vectors, and so forth.

The parser (420) may perform an entropy decoding/parsing operation onthe video sequence received from the buffer memory (415), so as tocreate symbols (421).

Reconstruction of the symbols (421) can involve multiple different unitsdepending on the type of the coded video picture or parts thereof (suchas: inter and intra picture, inter and intra block), and other factors.Which units are involved, and how, can be controlled by the subgroupcontrol information that was parsed from the coded video sequence by theparser (420). The flow of such subgroup control information between theparser (420) and the multiple units below is not depicted for clarity.

Beyond the functional blocks already mentioned, the video decoder (410)can be conceptually subdivided into a number of functional units asdescribed below. In a practical implementation operating undercommercial constraints, many of these units interact closely with eachother and can, at least partly, be integrated into each other. However,for the purpose of describing the disclosed subject matter, theconceptual subdivision into the functional units below is appropriate.

A first unit is the scaler/inverse transform unit (451). Thescaler/inverse transform unit (451) receives a quantized transformcoefficient as well as control information, including which transform touse, block size, quantization factor, quantization scaling matrices,etc. as symbol(s) (421) from the parser (420). The scaler/inversetransform unit (451) can output blocks comprising sample values, whichcan be input into aggregator (455).

In some cases, the output samples of the scaler/inverse transform (451)can pertain to an intra coded block; that is: a block that is not usingpredictive information from previously reconstructed pictures, but canuse predictive information from previously reconstructed parts of thecurrent picture. Such predictive information can be provided by an intrapicture prediction unit (452). In some cases, the intra pictureprediction unit (452) generates a block of the same size and shape ofthe block under reconstruction, using surrounding already reconstructedinformation fetched from the current picture buffer (458). The currentpicture buffer (458) buffers, for example, partly reconstructed currentpicture and/or fully reconstructed current picture. The aggregator(455), in some cases, adds, on a per sample basis, the predictioninformation the intra prediction unit (452) has generated to the outputsample information as provided by the scaler/inverse transform unit(451).

In other cases, the output samples of the scaler/inverse transform unit(451) can pertain to an inter coded, and potentially motion compensatedblock. In such a case, a motion compensation prediction unit (453) canaccess reference picture memory (457) to fetch samples used forprediction. After motion compensating the fetched samples in accordancewith the symbols (421) pertaining to the block, these samples can beadded by the aggregator (455) to the output of the scaler/inversetransform unit (451) (in this case called the residual samples orresidual signal) so as to generate output sample information. Theaddresses within the reference picture memory (457) from where themotion compensation prediction unit (453) fetches prediction samples canbe controlled by motion vectors, available to the motion compensationprediction unit (453) in the form of symbols (421) that can have, forexample X, Y, and reference picture components. Motion compensation alsocan include interpolation of sample values as fetched from the referencepicture memory (457) when sub-sample exact motion vectors are in use,motion vector prediction mechanisms, and so forth.

The output samples of the aggregator (455) can be subject to variousloop filtering techniques in the loop filter unit (456). Videocompression technologies can include in-loop filter technologies thatare controlled by parameters included in the coded video sequence (alsoreferred to as coded video bitstream) and made available to the loopfilter unit (456) as symbols (421) from the parser (420), but can alsobe responsive to meta-information obtained during the decoding ofprevious (in decoding order) parts of the coded picture or coded videosequence, as well as responsive to previously reconstructed andloop-filtered sample values.

The output of the loop filter unit (456) can be a sample stream that canbe output to the render device (412) as well as stored in the referencepicture memory (457) for use in future inter-picture prediction.

Certain coded pictures, once fully reconstructed, can be used asreference pictures for future prediction. For example, once a codedpicture corresponding to a current picture is fully reconstructed andthe coded picture has been identified as a reference picture (by, forexample, the parser (420)), the current picture buffer (458) can becomea part of the reference picture memory (457), and a fresh currentpicture buffer can be reallocated before commencing the reconstructionof the following coded picture.

The video decoder (410) may perform decoding operations according to apredetermined video compression technology in a standard, such as ITU-TRec. H.265. The coded video sequence may conform to a syntax specifiedby the video compression technology or standard being used, in the sensethat the coded video sequence adheres to both the syntax of the videocompression technology or standard and the profiles as documented in thevideo compression technology or standard. Specifically, a profile canselect certain tools as the only tools available for use under thatprofile from all the tools available in the video compression technologyor standard. Also necessary for compliance can be that the complexity ofthe coded video sequence is within bounds as defined by the level of thevideo compression technology or standard. In some cases, levels restrictthe maximum picture size, maximum frame rate, maximum reconstructionsample rate (measured in, for example megasamples per second), maximumreference picture size, and so on. Limits set by levels can, in somecases, be further restricted through Hypothetical Reference Decoder(HRD) specifications and metadata for HRD buffer management signaled inthe coded video sequence.

In an embodiment, the receiver (431) may receive additional (redundant)data with the encoded video. The additional data may be included as partof the coded video sequence(s). The additional data may be used by thevideo decoder (410) to properly decode the data and/or to moreaccurately reconstruct the original video data. Additional data can bein the form of, for example, temporal, spatial, or signal noise ratio(SNR) enhancement layers, redundant slices, redundant pictures, forwarderror correction codes, and so on.

FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of a video encoder (503) according to anembodiment of the present disclosure. The video encoder (503) isincluded in an electronic device (520). The electronic device (520)includes a transmitter (540) (e.g., transmitting circuitry). The videoencoder (503) can be used in the place of the video encoder (303) in theFIG. 3 example.

The video encoder (503) may receive video samples from a video source(501) (that is not part of the electronic device (520) in the FIG. 5example) that may capture video image(s) to be coded by the videoencoder (503). In another example, the video source (501) is a part ofthe electronic device (520).

The video source (501) may provide the source video sequence to be codedby the video encoder (503) in the form of a digital video sample streamthat can be of any suitable bit depth (for example: 8 bit, 10 bit, 12bit, . . . ), any colorspace (for example, BT.601 Y CrCB, RGB, . . . ),and any suitable sampling structure (for example Y CrCb 4:2:0, Y CrCb4:4:4). In a media serving system, the video source (501) may be astorage device storing previously prepared video. In a videoconferencingsystem, the video source (501) may be a camera that captures local imageinformation as a video sequence. Video data may be provided as aplurality of individual pictures that impart motion when viewed insequence. The pictures themselves may be organized as a spatial array ofpixels, wherein each pixel can comprise one or more samples depending onthe sampling structure, color space, etc. in use. A person skilled inthe art can readily understand the relationship between pixels andsamples. The description below focuses on samples.

According to an embodiment, the video encoder (503) may code andcompress the pictures of the source video sequence into a coded videosequence (543) in real time or under any other time constraints asrequired by the application. Enforcing appropriate coding speed is onefunction of a controller (550). In some embodiments, the controller(550) controls other functional units as described below and isfunctionally coupled to the other functional units. The coupling is notdepicted for clarity. Parameters set by the controller (550) can includerate control related parameters (picture skip, quantizer, lambda valueof rate-distortion optimization techniques, . . . ), picture size, groupof pictures (GOP) layout, maximum motion vector search range, and soforth. The controller (550) can be configured to have other suitablefunctions that pertain to the video encoder (503) optimized for acertain system design.

In some embodiments, the video encoder (503) is configured to operate ina coding loop. As an oversimplified description, in an example, thecoding loop can include a source coder (530) (e.g., responsible forcreating symbols, such as a symbol stream, based on an input picture tobe coded, and a reference picture(s)), and a (local) decoder (533)embedded in the video encoder (503). The decoder (533) reconstructs thesymbols to create the sample data in a similar manner as a (remote)decoder also would create (as any compression between symbols and codedvideo bitstream is lossless in the video compression technologiesconsidered in the disclosed subject matter). The reconstructed samplestream (sample data) is input to the reference picture memory (534). Asthe decoding of a symbol stream leads to bit-exact results independentof decoder location (local or remote), the content in the referencepicture memory (534) is also bit exact between the local encoder andremote encoder. In other words, the prediction part of an encoder “sees”as reference picture samples exactly the same sample values as a decoderwould “see” when using prediction during decoding. This fundamentalprinciple of reference picture synchronicity (and resulting drift, ifsynchronicity cannot be maintained, for example because of channelerrors) is used in some related arts as well.

The operation of the “local” decoder (533) can be the same as of a“remote” decoder, such as the video decoder (410), which has alreadybeen described in detail above in conjunction with FIG. 4 . Brieflyreferring also to FIG. 4 , however, as symbols are available andencoding/decoding of symbols to a coded video sequence by an entropycoder (545) and the parser (420) can be lossless, the entropy decodingparts of the video decoder (410), including the buffer memory (415), andparser (420) may not be fully implemented in the local decoder (533).

An observation that can be made at this point is that any decodertechnology except the parsing/entropy decoding that is present in adecoder also necessarily needs to be present, in substantially identicalfunctional form, in a corresponding encoder. For this reason, thedisclosed subject matter focuses on decoder operation. The descriptionof encoder technologies can be abbreviated as they are the inverse ofthe comprehensively described decoder technologies. Only in certainareas a more detail description is required and provided below.

During operation, in some examples, the source coder (530) may performmotion compensated predictive coding, which codes an input picturepredictively with reference to one or more previously-coded picture fromthe video sequence that were designated as “reference pictures”. In thismanner, the coding engine (532) codes differences between pixel blocksof an input picture and pixel blocks of reference picture(s) that may beselected as prediction reference(s) to the input picture.

The local video decoder (533) may decode coded video data of picturesthat may be designated as reference pictures, based on symbols createdby the source coder (530). Operations of the coding engine (532) mayadvantageously be lossy processes. When the coded video data may bedecoded at a video decoder (not shown in FIG. 5 ), the reconstructedvideo sequence typically may be a replica of the source video sequencewith some errors. The local video decoder (533) replicates decodingprocesses that may be performed by the video decoder on referencepictures and may cause reconstructed reference pictures to be stored inthe reference picture cache (534). In this manner, the video encoder(503) may store copies of reconstructed reference pictures locally thathave common content as the reconstructed reference pictures that will beobtained by a far-end video decoder (absent transmission errors).

The predictor (535) may perform prediction searches for the codingengine (532). That is, for a new picture to be coded, the predictor(535) may search the reference picture memory (534) for sample data (ascandidate reference pixel blocks) or certain metadata such as referencepicture motion vectors, block shapes, and so on, that may serve as anappropriate prediction reference for the new pictures. The predictor(535) may operate on a sample block-by-pixel block basis to findappropriate prediction references. In some cases, as determined bysearch results obtained by the predictor (535), an input picture mayhave prediction references drawn from multiple reference pictures storedin the reference picture memory (534).

The controller (550) may manage coding operations of the source coder(530), including, for example, setting of parameters and subgroupparameters used for encoding the video data.

Output of all aforementioned functional units may be subjected toentropy coding in the entropy coder (545). The entropy coder (545)translates the symbols as generated by the various functional units intoa coded video sequence, by lossless compressing the symbols according totechnologies such as Huffman coding, variable length coding, arithmeticcoding, and so forth.

The transmitter (540) may buffer the coded video sequence(s) as createdby the entropy coder (545) to prepare for transmission via acommunication channel (560), which may be a hardware/software link to astorage device which would store the encoded video data. The transmitter(540) may merge coded video data from the video coder (503) with otherdata to be transmitted, for example, coded audio data and/or ancillarydata streams (sources not shown).

The controller (550) may manage operation of the video encoder (503).During coding, the controller (550) may assign to each coded picture acertain coded picture type, which may affect the coding techniques thatmay be applied to the respective picture. For example, pictures oftenmay be assigned as one of the following picture types:

An Intra Picture (I picture) may be one that may be coded and decodedwithout using any other picture in the sequence as a source ofprediction. Some video codecs allow for different types of intrapictures, including, for example Independent Decoder Refresh (“IDR”)Pictures. A person skilled in the art is aware of those variants of Ipictures and their respective applications and features.

A predictive picture (P picture) may be one that may be coded anddecoded using intra prediction or inter prediction using at most onemotion vector and reference index to predict the sample values of eachblock.

A bi-directionally predictive picture (B Picture) may be one that may becoded and decoded using intra prediction or inter prediction using atmost two motion vectors and reference indices to predict the samplevalues of each block. Similarly, multiple-predictive pictures can usemore than two reference pictures and associated metadata for thereconstruction of a single block.

Source pictures commonly may be subdivided spatially into a plurality ofsample blocks (for example, blocks of 4×4, 8×8, 4×8, or 16×16 sampleseach) and coded on a block-by-block basis. Blocks may be codedpredictively with reference to other (already coded) blocks asdetermined by the coding assignment applied to the blocks' respectivepictures. For example, blocks of I pictures may be codednon-predictively or they may be coded predictively with reference toalready coded blocks of the same picture (spatial prediction or intraprediction). Pixel blocks of P pictures may be coded predictively, viaspatial prediction or via temporal prediction with reference to onepreviously coded reference picture. Blocks of B pictures may be codedpredictively, via spatial prediction or via temporal prediction withreference to one or two previously coded reference pictures.

The video encoder (503) may perform coding operations according to apredetermined video coding technology or standard, such as ITU-T Rec.H.265. In its operation, the video encoder (503) may perform variouscompression operations, including predictive coding operations thatexploit temporal and spatial redundancies in the input video sequence.The coded video data, therefore, may conform to a syntax specified bythe video coding technology or standard being used.

In an embodiment, the transmitter (540) may transmit additional datawith the encoded video. The source coder (530) may include such data aspart of the coded video sequence. Additional data may comprisetemporal/spatial/SNR enhancement layers, other forms of redundant datasuch as redundant pictures and slices, SEI messages, VUI parameter setfragments, and so on.

A video may be captured as a plurality of source pictures (videopictures) in a temporal sequence. Intra-picture prediction (oftenabbreviated to intra prediction) makes use of spatial correlation in agiven picture, and inter-picture prediction makes uses of the (temporalor other) correlation between the pictures. In an example, a specificpicture under encoding/decoding, which is referred to as a currentpicture, is partitioned into blocks. When a block in the current pictureis similar to a reference block in a previously coded and still bufferedreference picture in the video, the block in the current picture can becoded by a vector that is referred to as a motion vector. The motionvector points to the reference block in the reference picture, and canhave a third dimension identifying the reference picture, in casemultiple reference pictures are in use.

In some embodiments, a bi-prediction technique can be used in theinter-picture prediction. According to the bi-prediction technique, tworeference pictures, such as a first reference picture and a secondreference picture that are both prior in decoding order to the currentpicture in the video (but may be in the past and future, respectively,in display order) are used. A block in the current picture can be codedby a first motion vector that points to a first reference block in thefirst reference picture, and a second motion vector that points to asecond reference block in the second reference picture. The block can bepredicted by a combination of the first reference block and the secondreference block.

Further, a merge mode technique can be used in the inter-pictureprediction to improve coding efficiency.

According to some embodiments of the disclosure, predictions, such asinter-picture predictions and intra-picture predictions are performed inthe unit of blocks. For example, according to the HEVC standard, apicture in a sequence of video pictures is partitioned into coding treeunits (CTU) for compression, the CTUs in a picture have the same size,such as 64×64 pixels, 32×32 pixels, or 16×16 pixels. In general, a CTUincludes three coding tree blocks (CTBs), which are one luma CTB and twochroma CTBs. Each CTU can be recursively quadtree split into one ormultiple coding units (CUs). For example, a CTU of 64×64 pixels can besplit into one CU of 64×64 pixels, or 4 CUs of 32×32 pixels, or 16 CUsof 16×16 pixels. In an example, each CU is analyzed to determine aprediction type for the CU, such as an inter prediction type or an intraprediction type. The CU is split into one or more prediction units (PUs)depending on the temporal and/or spatial predictability. Generally, eachPU includes a luma prediction block (PB), and two chroma PB s. In anembodiment, a prediction operation in coding (encoding/decoding) isperformed in the unit of a prediction block. Using a luma predictionblock as an example of a prediction block, the prediction block includesa matrix of values (e.g., luma values) for pixels, such as 8×8 pixels,16×16 pixels, 8×16 pixels, 16×8 pixels, and the like.

FIG. 6 shows a diagram of a video encoder (603) according to anotherembodiment of the disclosure. The video encoder (603) is configured toreceive a processing block (e.g., a prediction block) of sample valueswithin a current video picture in a sequence of video pictures, andencode the processing block into a coded picture that is part of a codedvideo sequence. In an example, the video encoder (603) is used in theplace of the video encoder (303) in the FIG. 3 example.

In an HEVC example, the video encoder (603) receives a matrix of samplevalues for a processing block, such as a prediction block of 8×8samples, and the like. The video encoder (603) determines whether theprocessing block is best coded using intra mode, inter mode, orbi-prediction mode using, for example, rate-distortion optimization.When the processing block is to be coded in intra mode, the videoencoder (603) may use an intra prediction technique to encode theprocessing block into the coded picture; and when the processing blockis to be coded in inter mode or bi-prediction mode, the video encoder(603) may use an inter prediction or bi-prediction technique,respectively, to encode the processing block into the coded picture. Incertain video coding technologies, merge mode can be an inter pictureprediction submode where the motion vector is derived from one or moremotion vector predictors without the benefit of a coded motion vectorcomponent outside the predictors. In certain other video codingtechnologies, a motion vector component applicable to the subject blockmay be present. In an example, the video encoder (603) includes othercomponents, such as a mode decision module (not shown) to determine themode of the processing blocks.

In the FIG. 6 example, the video encoder (603) includes the interencoder (630), an intra encoder (622), a residue calculator (623), aswitch (626), a residue encoder (624), a general controller (621), andan entropy encoder (625) coupled together as shown in FIG. 6 .

The inter encoder (630) is configured to receive the samples of thecurrent block (e.g., a processing block), compare the block to one ormore reference blocks in reference pictures (e.g., blocks in previouspictures and later pictures), generate inter prediction information(e.g., description of redundant information according to inter encodingtechnique, motion vectors, merge mode information), and calculate interprediction results (e.g., predicted block) based on the inter predictioninformation using any suitable technique. In some examples, thereference pictures are decoded reference pictures that are decoded basedon the encoded video information.

The intra encoder (622) is configured to receive the samples of thecurrent block (e.g., a processing block), in some cases compare theblock to blocks already coded in the same picture, generate quantizedcoefficients after transform, and in some cases also intra predictioninformation (e.g., an intra prediction direction information accordingto one or more intra encoding techniques). In an example, the intraencoder (622) also calculates intra prediction results (e.g., predictedblock) based on the intra prediction information and reference blocks inthe same picture.

The general controller (621) is configured to determine general controldata and control other components of the video encoder (603) based onthe general control data. In an example, the general controller (621)determines the mode of the block, and provides a control signal to theswitch (626) based on the mode. For example, when the mode is the intramode, the general controller (621) controls the switch (626) to selectthe intra mode result for use by the residue calculator (623), andcontrols the entropy encoder (625) to select the intra predictioninformation and include the intra prediction information in thebitstream; and when the mode is the inter mode, the general controller(621) controls the switch (626) to select the inter prediction resultfor use by the residue calculator (623), and controls the entropyencoder (625) to select the inter prediction information and include theinter prediction information in the bitstream.

The residue calculator (623) is configured to calculate a difference(residue data) between the received block and prediction resultsselected from the intra encoder (622) or the inter encoder (630). Theresidue encoder (624) is configured to operate based on the residue datato encode the residue data to generate the transform coefficients. In anexample, the residue encoder (624) is configured to convert the residuedata from a spatial domain to a frequency domain, and generate thetransform coefficients. The transform coefficients are then subject toquantization processing to obtain quantized transform coefficients. Invarious embodiments, the video encoder (603) also includes a residuedecoder (628). The residue decoder (628) is configured to performinverse-transform, and generate the decoded residue data. The decodedresidue data can be suitably used by the intra encoder (622) and theinter encoder (630). For example, the inter encoder (630) can generatedecoded blocks based on the decoded residue data and inter predictioninformation, and the intra encoder (622) can generate decoded blocksbased on the decoded residue data and the intra prediction information.The decoded blocks are suitably processed to generate decoded picturesand the decoded pictures can be buffered in a memory circuit (not shown)and used as reference pictures in some examples.

The entropy encoder (625) is configured to format the bitstream toinclude the encoded block. The entropy encoder (625) is configured toinclude various information according to a suitable standard, such asthe HEVC standard. In an example, the entropy encoder (625) isconfigured to include the general control data, the selected predictioninformation (e.g., intra prediction information or inter predictioninformation), the residue information, and other suitable information inthe bitstream. Note that, according to the disclosed subject matter,when coding a block in the merge submode of either inter mode orbi-prediction mode, there is no residue information.

FIG. 7 shows a diagram of a video decoder (710) according to anotherembodiment of the disclosure. The video decoder (710) is configured toreceive coded pictures that are part of a coded video sequence, anddecode the coded pictures to generate reconstructed pictures. In anexample, the video decoder (710) is used in the place of the videodecoder (310) in the FIG. 3 example.

In the FIG. 7 example, the video decoder (710) includes an entropydecoder (771), an inter decoder (780), a residue decoder (773), areconstruction module (774), and an intra decoder (772) coupled togetheras shown in FIG. 7 .

The entropy decoder (771) can be configured to reconstruct, from thecoded picture, certain symbols that represent the syntax elements ofwhich the coded picture is made up. Such symbols can include, forexample, the mode in which a block is coded (such as, for example, intramode, inter mode, bi-predicted mode, the latter two in merge submode oranother submode), prediction information (such as, for example, intraprediction information or inter prediction information) that canidentify certain sample or metadata that is used for prediction by theintra decoder (772) or the inter decoder (780), respectively, residualinformation in the form of, for example, quantized transformcoefficients, and the like. In an example, when the prediction mode isinter or bi-predicted mode, the inter prediction information is providedto the inter decoder (780); and when the prediction type is the intraprediction type, the intra prediction information is provided to theintra decoder (772). The residual information can be subject to inversequantization and is provided to the residue decoder (773).

The inter decoder (780) is configured to receive the inter predictioninformation, and generate inter prediction results based on the interprediction information.

The intra decoder (772) is configured to receive the intra predictioninformation, and generate prediction results based on the intraprediction information.

The residue decoder (773) is configured to perform inverse quantizationto extract de-quantized transform coefficients, and process thede-quantized transform coefficients to convert the residual from thefrequency domain to the spatial domain. The residue decoder (773) mayalso require certain control information to include the QuantizerParameter (QP), and that information may be provided by the entropydecoder (771) (data path not depicted as this may be low volume controlinformation only).

The reconstruction module (774) is configured to combine, in the spatialdomain, the residual as output by the residue decoder (773) and theprediction results (as output by the inter or intra prediction modulesas the case may be) to form a reconstructed block, that may be part ofthe reconstructed picture, which in turn may be part of thereconstructed video. It is noted that other suitable operations, such asa deblocking operation and the like, can be performed to improve thevisual quality.

It is noted that the video encoders (303), (503), and (603), and thevideo decoders (310), (410), and (710) can be implemented using anysuitable technique. In an embodiment, the video encoders (303), (503),and (603), and the video decoders (310), (410), and (710) can beimplemented using one or more integrated circuits. In anotherembodiment, the video encoders (303), (503), and (503), and the videodecoders (310), (410), and (710) can be implemented using one or moreprocessors that execute software instructions.

II. Intra Block Copy

A block can be coded using a reference block from a different or samepicture. Block based compensation using a reference block from adifferent picture can be referred to as motion compensation. Block basedcompensation using a reference block from a previously reconstructedarea within the same picture can be referred to as intra picture blockcompensation, current picture referencing (CPR), or intra block copy(IBC). A displacement vector that indicates the offset between thecurrent block and the reference block can be referred to as a blockvector (BV or bvL). Different from a motion vector in motioncompensation, which can be any value (positive or negative, at eitherthe x or y direction), a BV is subject to constraints to ensure that thereference block has already been reconstructed and the reconstructedsamples thereof are available. In some embodiments, in view of parallelprocessing constraints, a reference area that is beyond certainboundaries (e.g., a tile boundary or wavefront ladder shape boundary) isexcluded.

The coding of a BV can be either explicit or implicit. In the explicitmode, the difference between a BV and its predictor can be signaled in amanner similar to an Advanced Motion Vector Prediction (AMVP) mode ininter coding. In the implicit mode, the BV can be recovered from only apredictor, for example in a similar way as a motion vector in mergemode. The resolution of a BV, in some implementations, is set to integerpositions or, in some examples, fractional positions.

The use of IBC at the block level can be signaled using a block levelflag (or IBC flag). In some examples, this flag can be signaled when thecurrent block is not coded in merge mode. In other examples, this flagcan be signaled by a reference index approach, for example, by treatingthe current decoded picture as a reference picture. Such a referencepicture can be placed in the last position of the list, such as in HEVCscreen content coding (HEVC SCC). This special reference picture canalso be managed together with other temporal reference pictures in thedecoded picture buffer (DPB).

While an embodiment of IBC is used as an example in the presentdisclosure, the embodiments of the present disclosure can be applied tovariations of IBC. The variations for IBC include, for example, treatingthe IBC as a third mode, which is different from the intra or interprediction mode. Accordingly, the block vector prediction in the mergemode and the AMVP mode may be separated from the regular inter mode. Forexample, a separate merge candidate list can be defined/created for theIBC mode, where all the entries in the list are block vectors.Similarly, the block vector prediction list in the IBC AMVP mode mayconsist of only block vectors. The block vector prediction list mayfollow the same logic as inter merge candidate list or AMVP predictorlist in terms of candidate derivation process. For example, the 5spatial neighboring locations in HEVC or VVC inter merge mode areaccessed for IBC to derive its own merge candidate list.

FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of a current block (810) in a currentpicture (800) to be coded using IBC-based compensation in accordancewith an embodiment. In FIG. 8 , an example of using IBC-basedcompensation is shown where the current picture (800) includes 15 blocksarranged into 3 rows and 5 columns. In some examples, each blockcorresponds to a CTU. The current block (810) includes a sub-block (812)(e.g., a coding block in the CTU) that has a block vector (822) pointingto a reference sub-block (832) in the current picture (800).

The reconstructed samples of the current picture can be stored in amemory or memory block (e.g., a dedicated or designated memory orportion of memory). In consideration of implementation cost, thereference area where the reconstructed samples for reference blocksremain available may not be as large as an entire frame, depending on amemory size of the dedicated memory. Therefore, for a current sub-blockusing IBC-based compensation, in some examples, an IBC referencesub-block may be limited to only certain neighboring areas, but not theentire picture.

In one example, the memory size is limited to a size of one CTU, whichmeans that the IBC mode can only be used when the reference block iswithin the same CTU as the current block. In another example, the memorysize is limited to a size of two CTUs, which means that the IBC mode canonly be used when the reference block is either within the current CTU,or the CTU to the left of current CTU. When the reference block isoutside the constrained reference area (i.e., designated local area),even if it has been reconstructed, the reference samples may not be usedfor IBC-based compensation. Therefore, the decoder may need to checkwhether the recovered or determined block vector points to a referenceblock in the constrained reference area (i.e., valid search area).Aspects of the present disclosure include methods that remove some ofthe constraints, which allow the decoder to modify and use the blockvector even when the block vector points to a reference block that isoutside the constrained reference area.

In an embodiment, an effective memory requirement to store referencesamples to be used in IBC is one CTU size. In an example, the CTU sizeis 128×128 samples. A current CTU includes a current region underreconstruction. The current region has a size of 64×64 samples. Since areference memory can also store reconstructed samples in the currentregion, the reference memory can store 3 additional regions of 64×64samples when a reference memory size is equal to the CTU size of 128×128samples. Accordingly, a search range can include certain parts of apreviously reconstructed CTU while a total memory requirement forstoring reference samples is unchanged (such as 1 CTU size of 128×128samples or 4 64×64 reference samples in total).

In an example, when a search range is restrained in IBC, a BV of acurrent block may be bounded by a current CTB boundary, a left neighborCTB boundary, or the like, depending on a position of a current blockand the memory size.

FIGS. 9A-9D show examples of IBC-based compensation according to someembodiments of the present disclosure. Referring to FIGS. 9A-9D, acurrent picture (901) includes a current CTU (915) under reconstructionand a previously reconstructed CTU (910) that is a left neighbor of thecurrent CTU (915). CTUs in the current picture (901) have a CTU size anda CTU width. The current CTU (915) includes 4 regions (916)-(919).Similarly, the previously reconstructed CTU (910) includes 4 regions(911)-(914). In an embodiment, the CTU size is equal to a referencememory size. For example, the CTU size and the reference memory size are128×128 samples, and each of the regions (911)-(914) and (916)-(919) hasa size of 64×64 samples.

Referring to FIG. 9A, the current region (916) is under reconstruction.The current region (916) includes a current block to be reconstructed.According to some embodiments, a search range for the current blockexcludes the collocated region (911) of the current region (916) andincludes the regions (912)-(914) of the previously reconstructed CTU(910).

Referring to FIG. 9B, the current region (917) is under reconstruction.The current region (917) includes a current block to be reconstructed.The current region (917) has a collocated (i.e., co-located) region(i.e., the region (912) in the previously reconstructed CTU (910)). Asearch range for the current block excludes the collocated region (912).The search range includes the regions (913) and (914) of the previouslyreconstructed CTU (910) and the region (916) in the current CTU (915).The search range further excludes the region (911) due to the constraintof the reference memory size (i.e., one CTU size).

Referring to FIG. 9C, the current region (918) is under reconstruction.The current region (918) includes a current block to be reconstructed.The current region (918) has a collocated region (i.e., the region(913)) in the previously reconstructed CTU (910). A search range for thecurrent block excludes the collocated region (913). The search rangeincludes the region (914) of the previously reconstructed CTU (910) andthe regions (916) and (917) in the current CTU (915). The search rangefurther excludes the regions (911) and (912) due to the constraint ofthe reference memory size.

Referring to FIG. 9D, the current region (919) is under reconstruction.The current region (919) includes a current block to be reconstructed.The current region (919) has a collocated region (i.e., the region(914)) in the previously reconstructed CTU (910). A search range for thecurrent block excludes the collocated region (914). The search rangeincludes the regions (916)-(918) in the current CTU (915). The searchrange excludes the regions (911)-(913) due to the constraint of thereference memory size, and thus, the search range excludes the entirepreviously reconstructed CTU (910).

Various constraints can be applied to a BV and/or a search range. In anembodiment, a search range for a current block under reconstruction in acurrent CTU is constrained to be within the current CTU.

In an embodiment, a current picture is a luma picture and a current CTUis a luma CTU including a plurality of luma samples and a block vector(mvL, in 1/16—pel resolution). In some embodiments, the luma motionvector mvL obeys the following constraints A1, A2, B1, C1, and C2 forbitstream conformance.

In some embodiments, a first constraint (A1) and a second constraint(A2) require that a reference block for the current block is alreadyreconstructed. For example, when the reference block has a rectangularshape, a reference block availability checking process can beimplemented to check whether a top-left sample and a bottom-right sampleof the reference block are reconstructed. When both the top-left sampleand the bottom-right sample of the reference block are reconstructed,the reference block is determined to be reconstructed.

In the first constraint (A1), according to some embodiments, when aderivation process for reference block availability is invoked with aposition (xCurr, yCurr) of a top-left sample of the current block setequal to (xCb, yCb) and a position (xCb+(mvL[0]>>4), yCb+(mvL[1]>>4)) ofthe top-left sample of the reference block as inputs, an output is equalto TRUE when the top-left sample of the reference block is reconstructedwhere the motion vector mvL is a two-dimensional vector having an xcomponent mvL[0] and a y component mvL[1].

In the second constraint (A2), according to some embodiments, when aderivation process for block availability is invoked with the position(xCurr, yCurr) of the top-left sample of the current block set equal to(xCb, yCb) and a position (xCb+(mvL[0]>>4)+cbWidth−1,yCb+(mvL[1]>>4)+cbHeight−1) of the bottom-right sample of the referenceblock as inputs, an output is equal to TRUE when the bottom-right sampleof the reference block is reconstructed. The parameters cbWidth andcbHeight represent a width and a height of the reference block,respectively.

A third constraint (B1), in some embodiments, includes at least one ofthe following conditions: 1) a value of (mvL[0]>>4)+cbWidth is less thanor equal to 0, which indicates that the reference block is to the leftof the current block and does not overlap with the current block; 2) avalue of (mvL[1]>>4)+cbHeight is less than or equal to 0, whichindicates that the reference block is above the current block and doesnot overlap with the current block.

In a fourth constraint (C1), in some embodiments, the followingconditions are true:

(yCb+(mvL[1]>>4))>>Ctb Log 2SizeY=yCb>>Ctb Log 2SizeY  (1)

(yCb+(mvL[1]>>4+cbHeight−1)>>Ctb Log 2SizeY=yCb>>Ctb Log 2Size  (2)

(xCb+(mvL[0]>>4))>>Ctb Log 2SizeY>=(xCb>>Ctb Log 2SizeY)−1  (3)

(xCb+(mvL[0]>>4)+cbWidth−1)>>Ctb Log 2SizeY<=(xCb>>Ctb Log 2SizeY)  (4)

where Ctb Log 2SizeY represents the CTU width in a log 2 form. Forexample, when the CTU width is 128 samples, Ctb Log 2SizeY is 7. Eqs.(1) and (2) specify that a CTU including the reference block is in asame CTU row as the current CTU (i.e., the previously reconstructed CTU(1010) is in a same row as the current CTU (1015) when the referenceblock is in the previously reconstructed CTU (1010)). Eqs. (3) and (4)specify that the CTU including the reference block is either in a leftCTU column of the current CTU or a same CTU column as the current CTU.The fourth constraint as described by Eqs. (1)-(4) specify that the CTUincluding the reference block is either the current CTU, or a leftneighboring CTU of the current CTU.

A fifth constraint (C2), in some embodiments, includes that when thereference block is in the left neighbor of the current CTU, a collocatedregion for the reference block is not reconstructed (i.e., no samples inthe collocated region have been reconstructed). Further, the collocatedregion for the reference block is in the current CTU.

In an example, the fifth constraint can be specified as below: When(xCb+(mvL[0]>>4))>>Ctb Log 2SizeY is equal to (xCb>>Ctb Log 2SizeY)−1,the derivation process for reference block availability is invoked withthe position of the current block (xCurr, yCurr) set equal to (xCb, yCb)and a position (((xCb+(mvL[0]>>4)+CtbSizeY)>>(Ctb Log 2SizeY−1))<<(CtbLog 2SizeY−1), ((yCb+(mvL[1]>>4))>>(Ctb Log 2SizeY−1))<<(Ctb Log2SizeY−1)) as inputs, an output is equal to FALSE indicating that thecollocated region is not reconstructed.

In the above equations, xCb and yCb are the x and y coordinates of thecurrent block, respectively. The variables cbHeight and cbWidth are theheight and width of the current block, respectively. The variablesmvL0[0] and mvL0[1] refer to the x and y components of block vectormvL0, respectively. The constraints for the search range and/or theblock vector can include a suitable combination of the first, second,third, fourth, and fifth constraints described above. In an example, thefirst, second, third, fourth, and/or fifth constraints can be modified.

III. Spatial Merge Candidates

FIG. 10 shows an example of spatial merge candidate positions of acurrent block (1010) in accordance with an embodiment. A maximum of fourmerge candidates can be selected and derived among the candidatepositions shown in FIG. 10 . The order of the derivation can be A0, B0,B1, A1 and B2 in one example. In an example, the position B2 isconsidered only when any CU of position A0, B0, B1, and A1 is notavailable or is intra coded. In an example, the CU of a position may notbe available when the CU belongs to another slice or tile.

IV. History-Based Merge Candidates Derivation

In some embodiments, history-based motion vector prediction (HMVP) mergecandidates are added to an extended merge list of a current CU after thespatial and temporal candidate MVP. In HMVP, motion information of apreviously coded block can be stored in a table (or a history buffer)and used as a MVP candidate for the current CU. Such motion informationis referred to as HMVP candidates. The table with multiple HMVPcandidates can be maintained during an encoding or decoding process. Thetable can be reset (emptied) when a new CTU row is encountered in oneexample. Whenever there is a non-sub-block inter-coded CU, theassociated motion information can be added to a last entry of the tableas a new HMVP candidate in an embodiment.

In an embodiment, a size of an HMVP table, denoted by S, is set to be 6.Accordingly, up to 6 HMVP candidates may be added to the table. Wheninserting a new motion candidate to the table, a constrainedfirst-in-first-out (FIFO) rule can be utilized in an embodiment. Inaddition, a redundancy check can be applied when adding a new HMVPcandidate to find whether there is an identical HMVP in the table. If anidentical HMVP in the table is found, the identical HMVP candidate maybe removed from the table and all the HMVP candidates following theremoved HMVP candidate are moved forward. The new HMVP candidate canthen be added at the end of the table.

In an embodiment, HMVP candidates are used in an extended mergecandidate list construction process. Several newly added HMVP candidatesin the table can be checked in order and inserted to the extendedcandidate list at positions after TMVP candidate in an embodiment. Aredundancy check may be applied to determine if the HMVP candidates aresimilar or the same as a spatial or temporal merge candidate previouslyadded to the extended merge list.

HMVP candidates could also be used in the AMVP candidate listconstruction process. The motion vectors of the last K HMVP candidatesin the table are inserted after the TMVP candidate. Only HMVP candidateswith the same reference picture as the AMVP target reference picture areused to construct the AMVP candidate list. Pruning is applied on theHMVP candidates. In some applications, K is set to 4 while the AMVP listsize is kept unchanged, i.e., equal to 2.

To reduce the number of redundancy check operations, the followingsimplifications are introduced in an embodiment:

(i) The number of HMPV candidates used for generation of an extendedmerge list is set as (N<=4)?M: (8−N), wherein N indicates a number ofexisting candidates in the extended merge list and M indicates a numberof available HMVP candidates in a history table.

(ii) Once a total number of available merge candidates in the extendedmerge list reaches a number of the maximally allowed merge candidatesminus 1, the merge candidate list construction process from HMVP isterminated.

According to some embodiments, when IBC operates as a separate mode frominter mode, a separate history buffer, referred to as HBVP, may be usedfor storing previously coded IBC block vectors. As a separate mode frominter prediction, it is desirable to have a simplified block vectorderivation process for IBC mode. The candidate list for IBC BVprediction in AMVP mode may share the one used in IBC merge mode (mergecandidate list), with 2 spatial candidates+5 HBVP candidates.

The merge candidate list size of IBC mode may be assigned asMaxNumMergeCand. The MaxNumMergeCand may be determined by the inter modemerge candidate list size MaxNumMergeCand, which is specified, in someexamples, as six_minus_max_num_merge_cand. The variablesix_minus_max_num_merge_cand may specify the maximum number of mergemotion vector prediction (MVP) candidates supported in a slicesubtracted from 6.

In some examples, the maximum number of merge MVP candidates,MaxNumMergeCand is derived may be derived as:

MaxNumMergeCand=6−six_minus_max_num_merge_cand

The value of MaxNumMergeCand may be in the range of 1 to 6, inclusive.The BV prediction in non-merge mode may share the same list generatedfor IBC merge mode. However, in some examples, for a non-merge modecase, the candidate list size is always 2. Accordingly, there is a needto develop proper methods to handle the IBC merge candidate list size aswell as IBC non-merge mode (AMVP mode) predictor list size whenMaxNumMergeCand is set to be various values and the maximum number ofIBC merge candidate list is set differently compared to an inter mergecandidate list size.

V. Conversion/Modification of Block Vector for IBC Mode

As described above, the existing constraints for a valid decoded blockvector includes at least two requirements in some embodiments:

(i) The reference block pointed by the block vector needs to be fullyreconstructed and inside the same coding region as the current block.The same coding region may refer to areas that samples can predict eachother, such as the same tile, or slice, or tile group. This type ofconstraint may be referred to as availability check constraint.

(ii) The reference block pointed by the block vector needs to be insidethe allowed search range in view of the considerations of wave parallelprocessing (WPP) capability, and current and left CTU range for memoryrequirement, etc. This type of constraint may be referred to as a rangeconstraint.

Aspects of the disclosure include methods that convert/modify thedecoded block vector such that some of the constraints (e.g., rangeconstraint, availability check) may be removed. In this regard, thedecoder may not need to check if the block vector meets some of therequirements in decoding a current block in IBC mode.

For example, the bitstream conformance contraints may include that themotion vector (mvL) shall point to a reference block that is fullycontained in the same CTU as the current block or fully contained in ablock to the left with the same height of the current CTU and a widthequal to 128 luma samples, i.e., all of the following conditions shallbe true:

yRefTL>>Ctb Log 2SizeY=yCb>>>Ctb Log 2SizeY;  (5)

yRefBR>>Ctb Log 2SizeY=yCb>>Ctb Log 2SizeY;  (6)

xRefTL>>Ctb Log 2SizeY>=(xCb>>Ctb Log 2SizeY)+Min(1,7−Ctb Log2SizeY)−(1<<((7−Ctb Log 2SizeY)<<1)));  (7)

xRefBR>>Ctb Log 2SizeY<=(xCb>>Ctb Log 2SizeY).  (8)

The above bitstream conformance constraints (i.e., Eqs. (5)-(8)) may beremoved when the block vector is converted/modified according to someembodiments of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a modulo operation may beperformed on both the x and y components of a block vector based on asize of a current CTU such that, when a reference block's top-leftlocation is outside the pre-defined seach range for IBC (e.g., currentCTU or the left neighboring CTU), the modified block vector may move thereference block's top-left corner within a target range (e.g., theallowed/valid search range based on the reference memory size and theposition of the current block in the current CTU). In an example, themodified block vector may point to another reference block's top-leftcorner within the target range. Alternatively, when the block vectorpoints to a reference block that is within the target range, no change(e.g., modification) may be applied to this block vector.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, an invalid block vector(e.g., out of the valid search range) may be modified to be in thecurrent CTU. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, an invalidblock vector may be modified to be in the current CTU or the leftneighboring CTU when the target range includes the current CTU and theleft neighboring CTU. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, thetarget range can include the current CTU and a number of left CTUsdepending on a size of the reference sample memory and a size of theCTUs in the current picture.

In an example, the x component of the block vector and the y componentof the block vector may be modified using the following fomulas:

bvL[0]=xRefTL %CtbSizeY+xCurrCtuTL−xCb−((xRefCtuTL<xCurrCtuTL &&xCurrCtuTL−xRefCtuTL<=numLeftCtus*CtbSizeY)?xCurrCtuTL−xRefCtuTL:0)  (9)

bvL[1]=yRefTL %CtbSizeY+yCurrCtuTL−yCb.  (10)

In the above two Eqs. (9) and (10), bvL[0] represents the x component ofthe block vector and bvL[1] represents the y component of the blockvector. CtbSizeY represents a size of the CTU (e.g., in luma samples)and “%” is a modulo opertor. The modulo operator can be performed basedon a mulitple of a size of the CTU when the target range includes one ormore left CTUs. The multiple corresponds to the number of one or moreleft CTUs included in the target range. For example, the mulitple can beequal to 2 when the target range includes the current CTU and a leftneighboring CTU, or 8 when the target range includes the current CTU andthree left CTUs. The top-left location of the current CTU (xCurrCtuTL,yCurrCtuTL) and the top-left location of the CTU that the referenceblock locates in (xRefCtuTL, yRefCtuTL) may be derived as follows:

(xCurrCtuTL,yCurrCtuTL)=((xCb>>Ctb Log 2SizeY)<<Ctb Log 2SizeY,(yCb>>CtbLog 2SizeY)<<Ctb Log 2SizeY);  (11)

(xRefCtuTL,yRefCtuTL)=((xRefTL>>Ctb Log 2SizeY)<<Ctb Log2SizeY,(yRefTL>>Ctb Log 2SizeY)<<Ctb Log 2SizeY.  (12)

In addition, the variable numLeftCtus in Eq. (9) indicates the number ofleft CTUs of the current CTU and may be derived as follows:

numLeftCtus=(1<<((7−Ctb Log 2SizeY)<<1)))−Min(1,7−Ctb Log 2SizeY)  (13)

After the modification, a shifting operation may be performed to changethe resolution of the block vector into the one used for storage. Thefollowing is an example of shifting the resolution of the block vector:

mvL[0]=bvL[0]<<4;  (14)

mvL[1]=bvL[1]<<4.  (15)

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the block vector may bemodified such that the offset of the reference block relative to the CTUwhere it was located before modification is the same as the offset ofthe modified reference block to the current CTU after the modification.In this regard, the modification of the block vector may not result in amodification of the offset. The offset may be equal to(xRefCtuTL<xCurrCtuTL && xCurrCtuTL−xRefCtuTL<=numLeftCtus*CtbSizeY) inEq. (9).

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the reference block'sbottom-right corner (xRefBR, yRefBR) may be modified in a similar way asits top-left corner (xRefTL, yRefTL), which is described above.Therefore, aspects of the disclosure can ensure that the entirereference block is within the current CTU, not just the top-left cornerof the reference block.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a clipping operation may beperformed to regulate the decoded block vector such that after clipping,the block vector always points to a reference block within the targetrange. When a reference block's top-left location is outside the allowedseach range for IBC (e.g., current CTU or the left neighboring CTU), themodified block vector can adjust the reference block's top-left cornerso that the reference block's top-left corner is within a target range.Alternatively, when the block vector points to a referenerce blockwithin the target range, no change (e.g., clipping operstion) may beapplied to this block vector.

In an example, if one of the x or y component of the block vector isoutside the target range, by applying the clipping operation, thetop-left corner of the reference block may be clipped into the targetrange. The bottom-right corner of the reference block may also beclipped into the target range. When both the top-left corner of thereference block and the bottom-right corner of the reference block areclipped into the target range, the entire reference block is withn thetarget range.

In an embodiment, when the reference block's top-left corner's ycoordinate (indicated by the block vector) is outside the current CTUrow, the block vector may be clipped to be at the top row of the currentCTU (i.e., at a boundary of the current CTU). Similarly, when thereference block's top-left corner's x coordinate (indicated by the blockvector) is outside the current CTU or left neighboring CTU range, theblock vector may be clipped to be at the leftmost column of the currentCTU. Accordingly, an out-of-bound block vector can be clipped such thatthe modified refernece block is at either the top row or leftmost columnof the current CTU.

It is noted that all other constraints (e.g., the first, second, third,and fifth constraints described above) may still be used/imposed toevaluate whether the modified block vector is valid.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the following bitstreamconstraints may be removed by applying modifications (either clipping ormodulo operations described above) to the decoded block vector:

One or both the following conditions shall be true:

-   -   The value of (mvL[0]>>4)+cbWidth is less than or equal to 0; and    -   The value of (mvL[1]>>4)+cbHeight is less than or equal to 0.

The above conditions may be used to ensure that the reference block doesnot overlap with the current block. If the reference block overlaps withthe current block (i.e., both of the conditions are false), the blockvector can be modified to ensure at least one of the above twoconditions becomes true. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, theabove two conditions may be removed even if no operation/modification isperformed on the decoded block vector.

In an example, the following operations may be applied to ensure thatone of the above two conditions becomes true:

-   -   When (mvL[0]>>4)+cbWidth>0 and (mvL[1]>>4)+cbHeight>0, the        following applies:

mvL[0]=−cbWidth<<4.

In another example, the following operations may be applied to ensurethat one of the above two conditions becomes true:

-   -   When (mvL[0]>>4)+cbWidth>0 and (mvL[1]>>4)+cbHeight>0, the        following applies:

mvL[1]=−cbHeight<<4.

VI. Exemplary Decoding Processes

FIG. 11 shows a flow chart outlining a decoding process (1100) accordingto some embodiments of the disclosure. The process (1100) can be used indecoding a current block in IBC mode. In various embodiments, theprocess (1100) can be executed by processing circuitry, such as theprocessing circuitry in the terminal devices (210), (220), (230) and(240), the processing circuitry that performs functions of the videodecoder (310), the processing circuitry that performs functions of thevideo decoder (410), and the like. In some embodiments, the process(1100) is implemented in software instructions, thus when the processingcircuitry executes the software instructions, the processing circuitryperforms the process (1100). The process starts at (S1101) and proceedsto (S1110).

At (S1110), a coded video bitstream including a current picture isreceived.

At (S1120), whether a current block in a current coding tree unit (CTU)included in the current picture is coded in intra block copy (IBC) modeis determined based on a flag included in the coded video bitstream. Theflag may be the IBC flag that indicates the use of IBV at a block level.If it is determined that the current block is not coded in IBC mode, theprocess illustrated in FIG. 11 is terminated.

At (S1130), in response to determining that the current block is codedin IBC mode, a block vector that points to a first reference block ofthe current block is determined. The block vector may be determinedbased on an IBC AMVP mode or merge mode.

At (S1140), an operation is performed on the block vector so that whenthe first reference block is not fully reconstructed or not within avalid search range of the current block, the block vector is modified topoint to a second reference block that is in a fully reconstructedregion and within the valid search range of the current block. Forexample, a modulo operation can be performed on each of an x componentand a y component of the block vector based on a size of the currentCTU. In an embodiment, the x component of the block vector and the ycomponent of the block vector may be modified using the Eq. (9) and Eq.(10). In an embodiment, a modulo operation is performed on the xcomponent of the block vector based on a mulitple of the size of thecurrent CTU. A modulo operation is performed on the y component of theblock vector based on the size of the CTU. When the block vector pointsto a reference block that is fully reconstructed and within a validsearch range of the current block, the performed operation (e.g., Eq.(9) and Eq. (10)) does not modify the block vector. In that case, thefirst reference block is the same as the second reference block.

At (S1150), the current block is decoded based on the modified blockvector. Specifically, the current block may be decoded based on thereference samples in the second reference block pointed by the modifiedblock vector. The process (1100) proceeds to and terminates at (S1199).

VII. Computer System

The techniques described above, can be implemented as computer softwareusing computer-readable instructions and physically stored in one ormore computer-readable media. For example, FIG. 12 shows a computersystem (1200) suitable for implementing certain embodiments of thedisclosed subject matter.

The computer software can be coded using any suitable machine code orcomputer language, that may be subject to assembly, compilation,linking, or like mechanisms to create code comprising instructions thatcan be executed directly, or through interpretation, micro-codeexecution, and the like, by one or more computer central processingunits (CPUs), Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), and the like.

The instructions can be executed on various types of computers orcomponents thereof, including, for example, personal computers, tabletcomputers, servers, smartphones, gaming devices, internet of thingsdevices, and the like.

The components shown in FIG. 12 for computer system (1200) are exemplaryin nature and are not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scopeof use or functionality of the computer software implementingembodiments of the present disclosure. Neither should the configurationof components be interpreted as having any dependency or requirementrelating to any one or combination of components illustrated in theexemplary embodiment of a computer system (1200).

Computer system (1200) may include certain human interface inputdevices. Such a human interface input device may be responsive to inputby one or more human users through, for example, tactile input (such as:keystrokes, swipes, data glove movements), audio input (such as: voice,clapping), visual input (such as: gestures), olfactory input (notdepicted). The human interface devices can also be used to capturecertain media not necessarily directly related to conscious input by ahuman, such as audio (such as: speech, music, ambient sound), images(such as: scanned images, photographic images obtain from a still imagecamera), video (such as two-dimensional video, three-dimensional videoincluding stereoscopic video).

Input human interface devices may include one or more of (only one ofeach depicted): keyboard (1201), mouse (1202), trackpad (1203), touchscreen (1210), data-glove (not shown), joystick (1205), microphone(1206), scanner (1207), camera (1208).

Computer system (1200) may also include certain human interface outputdevices. Such human interface output devices may be stimulating thesenses of one or more human users through, for example, tactile output,sound, light, and smell/taste. Such human interface output devices mayinclude tactile output devices (for example tactile feedback by thetouch-screen (1210), data-glove (not shown), or joystick (1205), butthere can also be tactile feedback devices that do not serve as inputdevices), audio output devices (such as: speakers (1209), headphones(not depicted)), visual output devices (such as screens (1210) toinclude CRT screens, LCD screens, plasma screens, OLED screens, eachwith or without touch-screen input capability, each with or withouttactile feedback capability—some of which may be capable to output twodimensional visual output or more than three dimensional output throughmeans such as stereographic output; virtual-reality glasses (notdepicted), holographic displays and smoke tanks (not depicted)), andprinters (not depicted).

Computer system (1200) can also include human accessible storage devicesand their associated media such as optical media including CD/DVD ROM/RW(1220) with CD/DVD or the like media (1221), thumb-drive (1222),removable hard drive or solid state drive (1223), legacy magnetic mediasuch as tape and floppy disc (not depicted), specialized ROM/ASIC/PLDbased devices such as security dongles (not depicted), and the like.

Those skilled in the art should also understand that term “computerreadable media” as used in connection with the presently disclosedsubject matter does not encompass transmission media, carrier waves, orother transitory signals.

Computer system (1200) can also include an interface to one or morecommunication networks. Networks can for example be wireless, wireline,optical. Networks can further be local, wide-area, metropolitan,vehicular and industrial, real-time, delay-tolerant, and so on. Examplesof networks include local area networks such as Ethernet, wireless LANs,cellular networks to include GSM, 3G, 4G, 5G, LTE and the like, TVwireline or wireless wide area digital networks to include cable TV,satellite TV, and terrestrial broadcast TV, vehicular and industrial toinclude CANBus, and so forth. Certain networks commonly require externalnetwork interface adapters that attached to certain general purpose dataports or peripheral buses (1249) (such as, for example USB ports of thecomputer system (1200)); others are commonly integrated into the core ofthe computer system (1200) by attachment to a system bus as describedbelow (for example Ethernet interface into a PC computer system orcellular network interface into a smartphone computer system). Using anyof these networks, computer system (1200) can communicate with otherentities. Such communication can be uni-directional, receive only (forexample, broadcast TV), uni-directional send-only (for example CANbus tocertain CANbus devices), or bi-directional, for example to othercomputer systems using local or wide area digital networks. Certainprotocols and protocol stacks can be used on each of those networks andnetwork interfaces as described above.

Aforementioned human interface devices, human-accessible storagedevices, and network interfaces can be attached to a core (1240) of thecomputer system (1200).

The core (1240) can include one or more Central Processing Units (CPU)(1241), Graphics Processing Units (GPU) (1242), specialized programmableprocessing units in the form of Field Programmable Gate Areas (FPGA)(1243), hardware accelerators for certain tasks (1244), and so forth.These devices, along with Read-only memory (ROM) (1245), Random-accessmemory (1246), internal mass storage such as internal non-useraccessible hard drives, SSDs, and the like (1247), may be connectedthrough a system bus (1248). In some computer systems, the system bus(1248) can be accessible in the form of one or more physical plugs toenable extensions by additional CPUs, GPU, and the like. The peripheraldevices can be attached either directly to the core's system bus (1248),or through a peripheral bus (1249). Architectures for a peripheral businclude PCI, USB, and the like.

CPUs (1241), GPUs (1242), FPGAs (1243), and accelerators (1244) canexecute certain instructions that, in combination, can make up theaforementioned computer code. That computer code can be stored in ROM(1245) or RAM (1246). Transitional data can be also be stored in RAM(1246), whereas permanent data can be stored for example, in theinternal mass storage (1247). Fast storage and retrieve to any of thememory devices can be enabled through the use of cache memory, that canbe closely associated with one or more CPU (1241), GPU (1242), massstorage (1247), ROM (1245), RAM (1246), and the like.

The computer readable media can have computer code thereon forperforming various computer-implemented operations. The media andcomputer code can be those specially designed and constructed for thepurposes of the present disclosure, or they can be of the kind wellknown and available to those having skill in the computer software arts.

As an example and not by way of limitation, the computer system havingarchitecture (1200), and specifically the core (1240) can providefunctionality as a result of processor(s) (including CPUs, GPUs, FPGA,accelerators, and the like) executing software embodied in one or moretangible, computer-readable media. Such computer-readable media can bemedia associated with user-accessible mass storage as introduced above,as well as certain storage of the core (1240) that are of non-transitorynature, such as core-internal mass storage (1247) or ROM (1245). Thesoftware implementing various embodiments of the present disclosure canbe stored in such devices and executed by core (1240). Acomputer-readable medium can include one or more memory devices orchips, according to particular needs. The software can cause the core(1240) and specifically the processors therein (including CPU, GPU,FPGA, and the like) to execute particular processes or particular partsof particular processes described herein, including defining datastructures stored in RAM (1246) and modifying such data structuresaccording to the processes defined by the software. In addition or as analternative, the computer system can provide functionality as a resultof logic hardwired or otherwise embodied in a circuit (for example:accelerator (1244)), which can operate in place of or together withsoftware to execute particular processes or particular parts ofparticular processes described herein. Reference to software canencompass logic, and vice versa, where appropriate. Reference to acomputer-readable media can encompass a circuit (such as an integratedcircuit (IC)) storing software for execution, a circuit embodying logicfor execution, or both, where appropriate. The present disclosureencompasses any suitable combination of hardware and software.

Appendix A: Acronyms

-   -   JEM: joint exploration model    -   VVC: versatile video coding    -   BMS: benchmark set    -   MV: Motion Vector    -   HEVC: High Efficiency Video Coding    -   SEI: Supplementary Enhancement Information    -   VUL Video Usability Information    -   GOPs: Groups of Pictures    -   TUs: Transform Units,    -   PUs: Prediction Units    -   CTUs: Coding Tree Units    -   CTBs: Coding Tree Blocks    -   PBs: Prediction Blocks    -   HRD: Hypothetical Reference Decoder    -   SNR: Signal Noise Ratio    -   CPUs: Central Processing Units    -   GPUs: Graphics Processing Units    -   CRT: Cathode Ray Tube    -   LCD: Liquid-Crystal Display    -   OLED: Organic Light-Emitting Diode    -   CD: Compact Disc    -   DVD: Digital Video Disc    -   ROM: Read-Only Memory    -   RAM: Random Access Memory    -   ASIC: Application-Specific Integrated Circuit    -   PLD: Programmable Logic Device    -   LAN: Local Area Network    -   GSM: Global System for Mobile communications    -   LTE: Long-Term Evolution    -   CANBus: Controller Area Network Bus    -   USB: Universal Serial Bus    -   PCI: Peripheral Component Interconnect    -   FPGA: Field Programmable Gate Areas    -   SSD: solid-state drive    -   IC: Integrated Circuit    -   CU: Coding Unit    -   CG: Coefficient Group    -   IBC: Intra Block Copy

While this disclosure has described several exemplary embodiments, thereare alterations, permutations, and various substitute equivalents, whichfall within the scope of the disclosure. It will thus be appreciatedthat those skilled in the art will be able to devise numerous systemsand methods which, although not explicitly shown or described herein,embody the principles of the disclosure and are thus within the spiritand scope thereof.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of video encoding, comprising:determining a block vector of a current block of a current picture thatis to be coded in intra block copy (IBC) mode, the block vector pointingto a reference block of the current block in the current picture; andencoding the current block based on the block vector, a first modulooperation being performed on an x component of the block vector and asecond modulo operation being performed on a y component of the blockvector, wherein the second modulo operation is different from the firstmodulo operation.
 2. The method according to claim 1, furthercomprising: performing the first modulo operation on the x component ofthe block vector; and performing the second modulo operation on the ycomponent of the block vector, wherein the encoding includes encodingthe current block based on the x component of the block vector on whichthe first modulo operation is performed and the y component of the blockvector on which the second modulo operation are performed.
 3. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein the first modulo operation is based on asize of a current coding tree unit (CTU) that includes the currentblock.
 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the second modulooperation is of the y component and the size of the CTU.
 5. The methodaccording to claim 3, wherein the first modulo operation is based on amultiple of the size of the current CTU that includes the current block.6. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the firstmodulo operation modifies the x component of the block vector or thesecond modulo operation modifies the y component of the block vectorbased on the reference block being outside a search range of the currentblock.
 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first modulooperation does not modify the x component of the block vector and thesecond modulo operation does not modify the y component of the blockvector based on the reference block being within a search range of thecurrent block.
 8. An apparatus, comprising: processing circuitryconfigured to determine a block vector of a current block of a currentpicture that is to be coded in intra block copy (IBC) mode, the blockvector pointing to a reference block of the current block in the currentpicture; and encode the current block based on the block vector, a firstmodulo operation being performed on an x component of the block vectorand a second modulo operation being performed on a y component of theblock vector, wherein the second modulo operation is different from thefirst modulo operation.
 9. The apparatus according to claim 8, whereinthe processing circuitry is configured to: perform the first modulooperation on the x component of the block vector; perform the secondmodulo operation on the y component of the block vector; and encode thecurrent block based on the x component of the block vector on which thefirst modulo operation is performed and the y component of the blockvector on which the second modulo operation are performed.
 10. Theapparatus according to claim 8, wherein the first modulo operation isbased on a size of a current coding tree unit (CTU) that includes thecurrent block.
 11. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein thesecond modulo operation is of the y component and the size of the CTU.12. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the first modulooperation is based on a multiple of the size of the current CTU thatincludes the current block.
 13. The apparatus according to claim 9,wherein at least one of the first modulo operation modifies the xcomponent of the block vector or the second modulo operation modifiesthe y component of the block vector based on the reference block beingoutside a search range of the current block.
 14. The apparatus accordingto claim 9, wherein the first modulo operation does not modify the xcomponent of the block vector and the second modulo operation does notmodify the y component of the block vector based on the reference blockbeing within a search range of the current block.
 15. A non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium storing instructions which whenexecuted by a processor for video encoding cause the processor toperform: determining a block vector of a current block of a currentpicture that is to be coded in intra block copy (IBC) mode, the blockvector pointing to a reference block of the current block in the currentpicture; and encoding the current block based on the block vector, afirst modulo operation being performed on an x component of the blockvector and a second modulo operation being performed on a y component ofthe block vector, wherein the second modulo operation is different fromthe first modulo operation.
 16. The non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium according to claim 15, wherein the instructions whenexecuted by the processor further cause the processor to perform:performing the first modulo operation on the x component of the blockvector; and performing the second modulo operation on the y component ofthe block vector, wherein the encoding includes encoding the currentblock based on the x component of the block vector on which the firstmodulo operation is performed and the y component of the block vector onwhich the second modulo operation are performed.
 17. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium according to claim 15, wherein thefirst modulo operation is based on a size of a current coding tree unit(CTU) that includes the current block.
 18. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium according to claim 17, wherein thesecond modulo operation is based on a size of the y component and thesize of the CTU.
 19. The non-transitory computer-readable storage mediumaccording to claim 17, wherein the first modulo operation is based on amultiple of the size of the current CTU that includes the current block.20. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium according toclaim 15, wherein at least one of the first modulo operation modifiesthe x component of the block vector or the second modulo operationmodifies the y component of the block vector based on the referenceblock being outside a search range of the current block.